Ethics Topics For An Essay - Common Things You Should Know About These Essay Topics

Ethics Topics For An Essay - Common Things You Should Know About These Essay TopicsEthics topics for an essay can be a wonderful opportunity to express yourself. The essay you write could help you land that perfect job, better grades, or more opportunities in life. In this article, I will give you some examples of ethics topics for an essay that are common in the real world.When you decide to take a stand on something, be sure that it is the right decision. It might seem like a fine line between right and wrong, but if you follow your conscience then the only thing you will regret is making a mistake. Trusting your conscience will help you find the right path.Ethical decisions should be based on facts and logic. If someone shows you proof that you made a mistake then correct it as soon as possible. Arguing with a cheater is a waste of time, it doesn't matter what you do; they will not change their ways. If you are willing to stand your ground, ask questions, and go through the proper channels, you can earn the trust of others.In a corporate setting, ethical topics for an essay are many. There are situations where you may not have all the facts. If you find yourself in this situation, the best advice I can give you is to ask.Being in a position where you can ask questions and get straight answers helps you have a good moral compass. It will allow you to see that you are being true to yourself and others.Sometimes research ethics topics for an essay can be frustrating because you have no clue what to ask. This is the time to call a business, or do some research online.When you have the information that you need, use it. There are many people who hold themselves to a higher standard than others. The only person who can benefit from your findings is you, because you made them.

A Satellite Clinic Of Baltiwash Academic Medical Center

Background Statement A satellite clinic of Baltiwash Academic Medical Center (BAMC), located in the inner city, has an opening for a physician. The Director of Physician Relations for BAMC, Lincoln Hoover, is in charge of securing a suitable candidate for the position. He lists vacancy announcements online and in medical journals. After several months, the only person to apply for the position is Dr. Maria Teresa who has medical missionary experience. She provides necessary documentation such as resume, transcripts, letters of recommendations and authorization to work in the US. Dr. Teresa is hired. However, about a month into the position, the clinic is experiencing an unfavorable work environment. The staff and charge nurse Ester Johnson are complaining about Dr. Teresa lack of quality patient care and respect for the clinic staff. Charge nurse Johnson even makes the accusation that Dr. Teresa may not be a real doctor. Major Problems and Secondary Issues The major problem is that BAMC lacks a strong recruitment process for hiring and retaining physicians. Job postings should not remain stagnant for a lengthy time period, interviews must be conducted, and new employees must have a smooth transition into a corporation. An adequate applicant pool must be established. The first and only applicant that applies for a position cannot be the only one considered for the position. Applicants should have experience working in inner city communities. Secondary issues include lack

Samsung electronics industry corporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5591 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Samsung electronics Industry Corporation was created in 1969 as a division of Samsung group, and the name of corporation was changed to the current name which Samsung electronics in 1984. Mainly it manufacture and exported electronics products, which include color TV, electronic calculator, electronic watch, electronic cash registers, as well as electronic home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, an also telecommunication devices. Especially, it recorded the outstanding number of manufacturing black and white TVs which was going up above 10 million and took top of the world in terms of export of black and white TVs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Samsung electronics industry corporation" essay for you Create order It succeeded to develop super mini VTR (8mm) in 1983, started to export VTR in 1985, and merged Samsung semiconductors and telecommunication cooperation in 1988. Since then Samsung electronics has dramatically grown as one of the worlds leading electronic giant with branches all over the world. Now millions of Samsung electronic products are being manufactured and sold every day and its product is seen in almost every house around the world. Samsung electronics has one of the best inventory management systems, supply and distribution chain in the world and its products are unique and durable with dedicated, efficient work force. Also, its research and development department is second to none in the electronic industry hence we decided to carry out this in-depth analysis to access the various strategies they have being applying since their existence and to advise them on the possible strategic options available to them now and in the future. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Industry Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis (https://www.masslearning.com/) Michael Porter stated that for any business entity there are 5 forces in action, these forces can have a great influence on the current affairs and strategy of the business. These forces consist of the following factors. Buyers power Buyers are the driving force of any industry including the automotive sector. Buyer behaviour is an essential part of marketing strategy and in-depth studies and research have been conducted to try to understand buyer behaviour. Typical question to ask when considering buyer behaviour are, who are our buyers? How do they buy? When do they buy? Where do they buy? Why do they buy? For Samsung electronics the brand strength allows them to make radical changes as they have a large base of loyal customers (due to an long history of building quality electronics), this has been evident with the radical exterior design changes to the Samsung product line up. Thus Samsung can be considered as a trend setter in their respective markets. This is a powerful position as it allows for some control of the direction of the future markets and trends. But strong competition from their rivals ensures that the changes arent too radical as they may lose customers to their opposition. Suppliers power Suppliers are the foundations of any industry they can supply raw materials, labour components and other supplies. Therefore it is important that a business has a good healthy relationship with its suppliers to ensure that it can operate smoothly and efficiently in cohesion with its suppliers. The power of suppliers varies depending on certain factors, for example if the product is standardised then the supplier will be weak, an example of this in the electronics industry would be silicon manufacturers. There are many to choose from and product diversity is relatively low thus suppliers are weak in this market. Suppliers are more powerful when they provide a more specialised product. Samsung has a technologically advanced component with existing patents, so in this case the supplier has more power in the relationship then in the case with silicon. Threat of Substitute products A substitute product is a product in another market which poses a threat because it is potentially a substitute to your product. A substitute (product) can negatively affect the price elasticity of your product since more substitutes become available the demand becomes more elastic as customers have more alternatives a close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. In the electronics industry substitute products will include other similar products from other manufactures. The threat of substitutes in the electronics sector is increasing since the consumer are being motivated by both social responsibility and legislation to find alternative manufacture that meets their criteria to reduce the affect of global warming energy consumption . Legislation in the UK such as high charging for energy bill also promotes substitutes in to electronic industry so it is a growing threat in this sector. Degree of rivalry Perhaps this is one of the most important of Porters 5 forces, since competition is what tends drives innovation changes in the market since firms strive for a competitive advantage. The intensity of rivalry amongst firms varies across markets. In a market that is saturated rivalry can become fierce as firms compete for the same customers, but in a growing market firms dont need to compete as fiercely as there may have their own growing customer base to which they can cater their product. When considering direct rivals to Samsung such as Motorola and Dell they are all long established in the industry so it is likely that they have coexisted by having disciplined competition and also having a code of conduct between themselves. This is evidence of friendly competition within the automotive sector. Barriers to entry This relates to how easy it is to enter the market place, this force has only negative implications on current market competitors since the easier entry into a market is the more competitors there potentially is. But usually there are legal requirements that must be overcome before the market place can be entered for example a product must pass minimum quality and safety standards and licences are usually required for trading. When considering the electronics industrial sector entry into the market is extremely difficult, since a large initial investment is required, and competition is fierce. In the current economic climate entry in this sector will be almost impossible unless an innovative unique selling point is achieved. Currently the easiest entry into the electronics sector is through excellent design reliability, durability and cost effectiveness of electronics being the most obvious. Electronics Industry Life Cycle Stage According the theory of industry life cycle, Samsung Electronics already got the Maturity stage. Because growth is no longer the main focus,market share andcash flow become theprimary goals of the companies left in the space. Samsungs products like TV, audio, video, mobile phones, camera, camcorder, PC, peripherals, Printers, home appliances and memory cards all have good reputation and occupy important place in market. PESTEL Analysis This section serves as a business environmental scan. Here a PESTLE analysis is applied of the external macro environment in which SAMSUNG operates. The pestle analysis is applied to SAMSUNG looking at its market i.e. no specific product. The diagram below highlights the main issues within each factor. All the factors have a high level of influence on our business and our future strategy. Portfolio Analysis SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Samsung electronics focuses on it customer when making its product. The first electronics company to develop the hybrid had drive in 2005 Samsung electronics seems to target the youth. By manufacturing electronic products that appeal to youths. This captures a wide range of customer base. Samsung electronics manufactures everything by itself. From microchips to laptops and other electronic gadgets, it dominates over its competitors by manufacturing everything. Samsung focuses on creating innovative products and in turn, captures the interest of the high end market. Most of Samsung electronics designs are not user friendly. Samsung electronics diversifies the product it manufactures. This diversification poses a threat as they are other larger companies with products peculiar to the industry. Samsung electronics promotional activities cost it dearly. The lack of innovation and fresh ideas in the electronic market is also a disadvantage as it courses the demand for products to drop. OPPORTUNITIES THREAT Samsung electronics has a technological advantage with the production of semi conductors and microchips. Samsung electronics has some serious competitors. It would take intense effort and serious planning in the near future to maintain its place on the global market. Samsung electronics has very little popularity in the U.S as Motorola dominate and also as Nokia dominates in European market. Current economic climate poses threat to Samsung electronics. Porters Generic Competitive Strategy Analysis Samsungs relative position within the electronics and phone industry determines whether its profitability is above or below the industry average. The fundamental basis of above average profitability in the long run is sustainable competitive advantage. There are two basic types of competitive advantage combined with the scope of activities for which firms seek to achieve them , lead to three generic strategies for achieving the above average performance in an industry Cost leadership Differentiation Focus The focus strategy has two variants, cost focus and differentiation focus COST LEADERSHIP In cost leadership, Samsung set out to become one of the low cost producer in the electronics and mobile phone industry due to its structure way of accessing raw materials and its joint RD which gave samsung a larger internal economies of scale, proprietary technology, which made Samsung a low cost producer which is an advantage DIFFERENTIATION In differentiation strategy Samsung seek to be unique in the electronics and phone industry buy introduce which is highly valued by buyers a type of warranty that no automobile industry have ever given in the world of automobile and its technological innovation in design, comfort ability and stability and low product price. FOCUS The generic strategy of focus rest on the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry. samsung focus in every segment and class of people be it low income, middle income, high income it does not tailor its strategy to a specific and it pays them more in market share and profitability STRATEGIES CHOICE GE Matrix Analysis Mobile phone industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung phones Industry attractiveness Industry attractiveness 1 Significant degree (weight) 2 attractiveness(rating) total score= Market size 0.25 4 1 Market growth rate 0.12 3 0.36 Market profitability 0.2 5 1 Competitive intensity 0.18 4 0.72 Technology development 0.05 3 0.15 Pricing trends 0.15 2 0.3 Demand variability 0.05 3 0.15 total 1 Industry attractiveness 3.68 Business strength assessment Business strength 1 Significant degree (weight) 2 Strength(rating) total score= Market share 0.2 4 0.8 Strength of assets and competencies 0.07 2 0.14 Relative brand/marketing strength 0.13 4 0.52 quality 0.2 3 0.6 Customer loyalty 0.07 4 0.28 Relative profit margins 0.03 3 0.09 Production capacity 0.14 2 0.28 Access to financial and other investment resources 0.06 3 0.18 Management strength 0.1 3 0.3 total 1 Business strength 3.19 Depending on the analysis of the mobile phone market and industry attractive terms, the current score of attractiveness of the mobile phone industry is 3.68 points; the attractiveness of the industry is relatively high. Through the analysis of financial statements of Samsung, Samsungs business strength total score of 3.19 points in the industry belongs to a high level, in the matrix belongs to GE leader-type to business, this score indicates Samsung mobile phones has a good market share in current market. TV industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung TV Industry attractiveness Industry attractiveness 3 Significant degree (weight) 3 attractiveness(rating) total score= Market size 0.18 3 0.54 Market growth rate 0.12 3 0.36 Market profitability 0.25 2 0.5 Competitive intensity 0.13 4 0.52 Technology development 0.17 3 0.51 Pricing trends 0.05 1 0.05 Demand variability 0.1 2 0.2 total 1 Industry attractiveness 2.68 Business strength assessment Business strength 4 Significant degree (weight) 5 Strength(rating) total score= Market share 0.2 3 0.6 Strength of assets and competencies 0.05 2 0.1 Relative brand/marketing strength 0.13 3 0.39 quality 0.2 3 0.6 Customer loyalty 0.07 2 0.14 Relative profit margins 0.05 3 0.15 Production capacity 0.14 2 0.28 Access to financial and other investment resources 0.06 2 0.12 Management strength 0.10 3 0.3 total 1 Business strength 2.68 From the table, we can see that on the all TV market analysis, financial statements and marketing analysis of Samsung TV and Samsung in the GE matrix effort to business, the TV industry has a strong attractiveness, but Samsung in the TV business strength only belongs to middle level, which need considerable investment of resources, through the efforts of Samsung could be a leader-type business, or it will be difficult to fierce competition in the market to survive. Washing-machine industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung washing-machine Industry attractiveness Industry attractiveness 4 Significant degree (weight) attractiveness(rating) total score= Market size 0.2 2 0.4 Market growth rate 0.12 3 0.36 Market profitability 0.2 2 0.4 Competitive intensity 0.23 3 0.69 Technology development 0.05 2 0.15 Pricing trends 0.15 1 0.15 Demand variability 0.05 2 0.1 total 1 Industry attractiveness 2.25 Business strength assessment Business strength 6 Significant degree (weight) 7 Strength(rating) total score= Market share 0.15 1 0.15 Strength of assets and competencies 0.05 2 0.1 Relative brand/marketing strength 0.16 1 0.16 quality 0.2 1 0.2 Customer loyalty 0.04 2 0.08 Relative profit margins 0.05 2 0.1 Production capacity 0.19 1 0.19 Access to financial and other investment resources 0.06 2 0.12 Management strength 0.10 3 0.3 total 1 Business strength 1.41 Through the washing-machine industry analysis and a brief Samsung washing-machine business development analysis show that the attractiveness of the washing-machine industry for Samsung is very strong, but Samsung washing-machine for production in terms of business strength is weak and the question mark in the GE matrix operations, the attractiveness of the industry itself is very easy to attract new entrants into the market and existing enterprise competition, but the washing-machine industry because of the competition is fierce, national brands in the market want a share of the domestic and international well-known brands have already endless which want to improve their competitiveness in this industry. Samsung is in a very difficult situation in the washing-machine industry. According to the industry attractiveness and business strength matrix of Samsung mobile phones, TVs, washing-machines, we mapped the GE matrix of Samsung: B: mobile phone, F: TV .H: washing-machine. (https://www.showppt.com/ppt_79.html) The GE matrix is displayed by Samsung, Samsungs mobile phones plays a leader place in the market and it must keep go on. TV business in the maintenance of regional (between effort and regulator), business attraction and business position in the industry do not have the advantage of both the absence of the formation of a unique segment had to compete with many rivals, enterprise by supporting these businesses strive to improve the businesss market share, and strive to develop into a leading-type business. Samsung washing-machine business is a question mark position difficult for enterprises to compete with the market the original members, requiring substantial investment of resources, currently giving up their own production of washing-machine is an inevitable choice. Boston Matrix Analysis Samsung electronics was build up in 1969, it cost 40 years developed from a small company which only 36 people worked in it to a worldwide company. Now there are nearly 20 kinds of products in Samsung which got a good reputation all over the globe. Take Samsung electronics as an example, it got lots of awards in the Industrial Design Excellence Awards in America. It is the company which got the most awards in several consecutive years, which can prove the design ability of Samsung reach the world-class level. It will be analysis with Boston Matrix. The television and mobile phone can be looked as the cash cow product, because the market growth rates are relatively low and the relative market share are so high. (https://www.masslearning.com/) Samsung electronics started the business of liquid crystal display from 1995, when it get to 2005, the total amount of sales volume is more than one hundred million and it is more than 2 hundred million in 2007, 3 hundred million in 2008, in last month, the total sales volume is more than 5 hundred million. The reason of why Samsung electronics can get the outstanding achievement is the extended market of the LED TV panel and the powerful sell of the big size LCD TV. In 2010, Samsung is going to sell 10 million LCD televisions with LED and 22 million all kinds of LCD TVs. In the sales amount aspect, Samsungs market share got to 23.6% all over the globe in the fourth quarter in 2009. The high sells amount and market share of Samsung is because of the high shipments of television market in the world, the integrity layout of the product size and the leader status of the advanced technology. Samsung got the double champion of the shipment and the sales amount on television in continue 13 seasons. So they looked as the cash cow product. The market share and the market growth rate of five TV brand in 2009 order brand 0309 Market share 0409 Market share Rate of rise per quarter Rate of rise per year 1 Samsung 21.9% 23.6% 33% 13% 2 LG 12.9% 13% 24% 20% 3 Sony 9.9% 11.5% 43% -18% 4 Panasonic 9.2% 8.0% 8% -3% 5 Sharp 5.7% 5.4% 15% -23% others 40.4% 38.6% 18% 13% total 100% 100% 100% 5% (https://finance.baidu.com/2010-02-23/122741032.html) Samsung is the second biggest mobile phone producer in the world. In 2009, it paid more attention on the fashion style which attracted a great deal of young person and the shipments got to 235 million, the market share got to 19.5%. Compared with 2008, it has a big improvement, because the shipment and market share is only 199 million and 16.3% respectively. The successful of Samsung electronics is come from the swift and agility, but lack of innovativeness may lead to the loss of probability. Nowadays Samsung pay more attention on the Smartphone, the Bada system is a good example. Bada system is a platform of the new smart phone which developed by Samsung company, the interface of it is more fashion in colour and style. So it can be looked as the cash cow product because the market growth rate is low but the market share is very high, the characteristic of which is the sale volume is high but the rate of liability is low, it can provide fund for the company and the product do not ne ed improve the invests. So it can be the supporter for recover the funds for the company, support the other product. The market is becoming mature, the company do not need to invest huge capital for enlarge the market and as a leader in the mobile phone area, it bring lots of profit for the whole company. (https://article.pchome.net/scripts/art_content.php?article_id=447146) In 1997, Samsung produce a series of double door fridge named ZIPEL, in these 10 years, it was export to more than 130 countries and the market share got to the peak over about 50 countries. After sell the fridge to America for 7 years, the market share of Samsung became the highest one. In 2007, the French fridge started to sell in America, the market share was only 5.6% at that year, but after one year, it rocket to 16%. In 2009, the total sales of bridge take account of 28.6% and the sales volume take account of 27.2% in America, rank the first place. So the fridge should also be looked as the cash cow products, a company should have several kinds of cash cow products, if there is something wrong with the other dogs products, it balance the funds of the whole company. From 2007, Samsung produce a series of camera, such as blue, WB, PL, ES and ST series. Especially Blue series which was made the advertisement by Dongjian Zhang, leave a good impression for Chinese customer, so attract lots of customers attention. But in the whole area, Canon, Sony and Nikon still the first three brands, Samsung cannot catch up with them. Although it developed harder on the camera area, the market share still cannot as high as the other area. So the camera area can looked as the question marks product in the Boston Matrix analysis. Most products of Samsung electronics have a good reputation and sell very well, but there are some exceptions. Take air conditioners as an example, in 2009, all of the Samsung air conditioners withdraw from the shopping centre in Dongguan city in China, but the other products of Samsung were continue to sell. The main reason is the market share is very low, the summer in 2009 is cooler than before and the economic crisis, these all due to the sales volume of air conditioner dropped significantly. So this products can be divided into the dogs products which is low growth rate and low market share. These products need take the give way strategy. First, it should reduce the volume of the products and then pull back gradually. Second, transfer the remained resource to the other products. Last, regulation the products and combine the dogs product to the other business, because it is easy to management. Analysis with The Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix Internal Strategy Position External Strategy Position Axis X Competitive Advantage(CA) Industry Strength(IS) (-6 worst, -1 best) (+1 worst, +6 best) -1 Product quality +6 Barriers to entry -2 Market share +5 Growth potential -1 Brand image +5 Access to financing -3 Product life cycle +6 Consolidation Average -1.75 Average 5.5 Total Axis X score: 3.75 Axis Y Financial Strength(FS) Environmental Stability(ES) (+1 worst, +6 best) (-6 worst, -1 best) +4 Return On Assets -4 Global economic +5 Leverage -3 Technology +3 Liquidity -2 Demand elasticity +3 Cash flow -2 Inflation Average 3.75 Average -2.75 Total Axis Y score: 1 Competitive Advantage (CA) Analysis Product quality: According to the customers comments, the products of Samsung is better than most of its competitors. So I give it -1. Market share: Market share of mobile phone (https://stats.getjar.com/statistics/world/manufacturer) We can see from the tables that Samsung mobile phones market share is 10.16% in January 2010, which is the third place after Nokia and Sony-Ericesson. So I give it -2. Brand image: As we all know, almost everybody knows Samsung. So I give it -1. Product life cycle: Electronics technologies innovation speed is very fast, so the life cycle score is -3. Industry Strength (IS) Analysis Barriers to entry: The electronic market is mainly shared between those big companies like Nokia, Motorola and Samsung, so its very difficult for new entrants. I give it +6. Growth potential: Due to technology is the main factor in electronic industry, the market can grow as the development of new technology. So I give it +5. Access to financing: As a super company, Samsung has good credit which gives banks confidence to give loan to it, the same as the shareholders, etc. So I give it +5. Consolidation: From the Annual Report of Samsung Electronics, they have a large amount of consolidated subsidiaries, and value the performance of the subsidiaries every year in order to decide which ones should be eliminated and which ones can be kept. So I give it +6. Financial Strength (FS) Analysis (From: 2008 Samsung Electronics Annual Report) Return on Assets: Return on capital employed (ROCE)=Operating profit/(Average shareholders funds+ Loans) According to Profitability (Net Income/Sales) and Asset Turnover (Sales/Asset), we can get ROCE = Profitability*Asset Turnover. So from 2004 to 2008, the ROCE rates are 15.60%, 10.08%, 9.90%, 9.04% and 7.32% respectively. We can see a decline in Return on Assets, but it still has good performance. So I give it +4. Leverage (Asset/Equity): The rates are 2.06, 1.84, 1.74, 1.68 and 1.67 respectively from 2004 to 2008, and Earnings per share also reduce from 67,916 in 2004 to 37,684 in 2008. Considering its a great company, this is a good result, so I give it +5. Liquidity: Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities The ratios are 0.722:1.000, 0.709:1.000, 0.767:1.000, 0.826:1.000 and 0.532:1.000 from 2004 to 2008. The company does not have very good liquidity especially in 2008. I give it +3. Cash flow: We can see from Consolidated Cash Flow Statement that the cash flow from operating activities keep almost the same level from 2004 to 2008, but the net income decreases heavily in 2008. So I give it +3. Environmental Stability (ES) Analysis Global economic: The whole world is suffering from a recession from 2008, and has not recovered yet. So I give it -4. Technology: As for the electronic industry, the rates of obsolescences are quicker than any other industry. We can feel that the functions of last years mobile phone will be out of date after one year. So I give it -3. Demand elasticity: Refrigerator, washing-machine and TV should be necessary for a family, but a mobile phone and a laptop may not be so necessary. So we can say the overall demand elasticity is not so big. I give it -2. Inflation: Due to worldwide recession, inflation is not strong nowadays. So I give it -2. Now we can get a SPACE Matrix as below: Picture: SPACE Matrix for Samsung Electronics All in all, we suggest that Samsung can make aggressive strategy according to the situation now. Value Chain Analysis To identify the key activities within the company and its potential sustainable competitive advantages. Value chain analysis is a powerful tool to use. The value chain links the value of the organisations activities with its main functional parts; and then the assessment of the overall added value of the business that is made in the contribution of each functional part. The value chain analysis is conducted by splitting the company into primary and support activities. They are the activities that provide the production, background etc. that are necessary to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the company. (Porter, 1985) Primary activities include the following: Inbound logistics Activities concerned with suppliers, storage and handling the external sourced materials. Operations Activities related to the production of the products. Outbound logistics Activities involved with the distribution of the final product to its end users. Marketing and sales Activities such as advertising, sales promotions etc. to create awareness among the target audience of the company about their products and services. As well as analyses the needs and wants of potential customers. Service For examples pre-installation or after-sales service. Support activities include the following: Procurement The purchase of the materials that is necessary for the companys operation. Highest quality materials at the lowest prices. Human Resource Management This concerned with recruiting, training, motivating and rewarding the workforce. Technology Development Activities concerned with technological innovation, training and knowledge that is essential for the company to survive. Firm Infrastructure Planning and control system, such as finance, accounting and corporate strategy The essence of Value Chain Analysis is to examine how each part might contribute towards the added value in the company and how this may differ from the competition. In order for a competitive strategy to be successful, a company should understand its own capabilities and the needs of the customers. The profitably is depends on what extend on their management of the various activities in the value chain. The value chain should be analysed with the core competence (Macmillan et al, 2003). Samsung combines Supply Chain Management and six sigma to improve its supply chain operation. It is done by training and developing supply chain staff to be more capable of leading SCM innovations. It is a unique and useful component of Samsungs strategy for systematic and continuous improvement. Six sigma usually focus on either redesigning processes and systems (addressed through DMADOV: define, measure, analyse, design, optimise, verify) or improving performance levels of existing system (addresses using DMAIC: define, measure, analyse, improve control). In Samsungs business team, they focus mainly on redesigning processes than on process improvement. Samsung realise that the DMADOV methodology could not provide the necessary support to execute the entire range of Supply Chain Management project. They introduce a step Enable, in place of Design and Optimise, so that it can specify how a suggested improvement would be realised in practice. The DABTL (define, architect, build, test, launch) approach was used, incorporating proven software engineering discipline to six sigma based SCM methodology., so that many SCM innovation project may call for changes that can be enabled within existing system capacities. Samsungs resulting approach is termed DMAEV (define, measure, analyse, enable and verify). Additionally, they incorporated the concept of five design parameters which are process, operation rule and policy, organisation role and responsibly, performance measure and system. Samsung business team realised that the success in SCM innovation is not only depend on the strength of the DMAEV methodology, but also on relevant business and organisational factors. Therefore, they adopted the following design principles that can reinforce SCM six sigma project through all the stages in DMAEV. Global optimum- Samsung align all their improvement ideas in terms of global rather than local goals. That can improve key performance indicators (KPI) of related upstream and downstream processes. Here are the two mechanisms to ensure global optimisation is utilized: A flow-down tree of the critical-to-quality KPIs A bottom-up check to ensure that global KPIs have not been adversely affected. Process KPI mapping- Define objectives and monitor the process towards managing improvement plan goal by processing KPIs follow the SCOR model (Supply Chain Operations Reference) Systematisation- At Samsung, systematisation is a key component of SCM. To effect behavioural and process changes, Samsung uses systems extensively. Five design parameters- DMAEV uses the five design parameters to characterise the changes that need to be managed throughout the DMAEV process stages. SCM and six sigma have been the two important enablers for Samsungs management innovation and growth. Their global optimum is continuing and SCM six sigma has played an enabling role in it. Core Competencies Globalization Samsung recognise that culture differences play a vital role. Samsung researchers, designers and strategists fan out around the global to understand the lifestyles and needs of consumers in different market. Consumer oriented Samsungs Global Strategy Group is at the forefront of global trends. They made awareness on the pulse of market trends and consumer behaviour. They understand the attitudes, needs and preferences of consumers so that of their design would change to accommodate a local preference, or an entirely new product category to fit for local needs. Diverse and multicultural employees who bring a diverse range of views to the company. Consistently been at the cutting edge of consumer electronics, introducing many break though technologies and products, from high-definition LCD TV to multimedia mobile phones. Research Development- innovation in design stages, focused on streamlining and improving their operations to produce the best products in the most efficient way. Attention to details. Competitive Strategies Samsungs vision is to become a leader of the digital convergence revolution. The company has transformed its operations, putting digital technology at the core in order to achieve this goal. The underlying strategy for this vision is the companys mission to be a Digital - Company. Digital is one of the three elements in this vision. Samsung is committed to being a market-driven solution provider and leader in the digital convergence marketplace. Secondly, indicated thatthe companys entire supply chain is conducted electronically through an elaborate Internet-based network, from sales, marketing, and communications to research, manufacturing and distribution. This has increased the productivity and ensured their services and products are customer-oriented. Company reflects on how Samsungs core competencies in semiconductors, mobile communication and consumer electronics technologies enable Samsung to create digital solutions for home, mobile user and office to have a seamless communication, facilitate business transactions, provide access to the internet and offer digital entertainment. Samsung strives to take a leading position in future technology areas. Samsung develops global RD competence through many overseas RD centers established in the USA, Russia, India, Japan and China. In order to be recognised globally, Samsung demonstrated their awareness of the green issue and conformance by launching their sustainability strategy in 1996. They have implemented ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certified integrated environment, safety and health management system at their eight Korean manufacturing facilities. 94% of their global manufacturing network had internationally certified at the end of 2008. Samsungs sustainability strategy is enhanced by establishing the Environment Strategy Team within their Customer Satisfaction Environment Center in 2009. Samsung also adopted eco-design strategy in their operation to maximise resource and energy efficiency and minimise waste. International Expansion Since the late 90s, Samsung has tried to establish itself as a high-end player and ultra-cool brand by focusing on stylish, feature-packed products. The plan worked, but the company seems to have missed the big market shift to less expensive phones in recent years. Samsung was missing-in-action in critical emerging markets such as India for the fast growing market in low-end handsets. In 2009 to 2010, Samsung intend to expand its business in Egypt. In Egypt, Samsung has achieved 32% market share in the LCD market as of April 2009, and 49.3% growth in the hand-held products (HHP) division from Q208 to Q209. The HHP division has seen steady market share growth over time from 12.7% in December 2008, 13.8% in January 2009 and 15% in February 2009. The leadership position across products, technology and markets are reinforced by their consistent share growth in Egypt. For the second half of 2009, Samsung expanded it distribution channel network and shop displays, as well as continue regularly launching new products. In 2010, the aim is to increase the brand awareness and strength as well as local product adoption in Egypt. International market expansion is one of the strategies that allow business to grow. To build long-term business aboard are learning the nature of the people and the market. It is essential to retain people once they have become customers. Customers are not all the same. Business should operate according to the individual market needs. In the UK, Samsung aimed to treble its smartphone shipments by expanding its line-up, as it lags behind from its competitors such as Nokia and Apple. Providing Samsung only has 3 per cent market share, against Nokias 35 percent and the 17 percent held by Apple. Samsung plan to strengthen their smartphone business by improving their handware as well as beefing up content, applications and services. Samsung plans to make its applications available in more than 50 countries this year and make strategic alliances with global content developers. The company would roll out new smartphones this year using various operating systems including Googles Android, but it would also push its own smartphone platform Bada. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix Key Factors Ratings STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3 AS TAS AS TAS AS TAS Internal Factors Product Quality Quality Personnel Research development team Pricing Market share Product diversity Global positioning Speed of innovation Cash flow External Factors Industry growth potential Technology Focus on mass market Competition with Nokia/Sony-Ericssion Economic condition Popularity in US SUM TOTAL ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE

Capital Punishment The Nation S Controversy - 3247 Words

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: THE NATION’S CONTROVERSY Matthew Isaac Political Science 102 Dr. Percival May 10, 2015 A rarity exists in a single topic that can cause a degree of controversy so large that it attracts politicians, judges, community organizers, economists and even religious officials to discuss it. This issue is one that some support and others oppose; that is, the issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is loosely defined as the execution of an offender who is sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law for a criminal offense (Encyclopedia Britannica). This execution of an offender model exists in many nations and also in many forms. For instance, in the country of Zimbabwe, executions are carried out for individuals convicted of treason and drug trafficking, and is exclusively in the form of hanging (Death Penalty Worldwide 2015). Although capital punishment exists around the world, the focus of this paper will be centered on the United States, on the state level. Capital punishment is legal in some states, but the legality does not imply that it is f ree of problems. There have been growing concerns and strong evidence of the problem of capital punishment. However, the two issues featured in this paper will be issues on racial bias, questions of innocence. These concerns will be analyzed in the following sections: definition of the problem, unit of analysis, analysis of political coalitions, analysis of policyShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Capital Punishment In The United States990 Words   |  4 Pages2017). Although the State of California has the highest number of inmates awaiting execution, California has only utilized capital punishment thirteen times since the 1972 Supreme Court moratorium on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 (Statistics, 2017). 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Financial Statements Used By Decision Makers - 1559 Words

Introduction This essay will begin to look at the main financial statements used by decision makers in businesses today. This essay will go into detail about the income statement and statement of financial position and whether these two statements provide decision makers with their financial information adequately. This essay will also include the various advantages and disadvantages of each financial statement as well as describing whom the decision makers are and why financial statements are important to them. A conclusion will be present at the end of this essay to demonstrate an overall view of whether financial statements are beneficial to decision makers. Financial accounting is a crucial process for any successful business. Atrill and McLaney, 2013 define financial accounting as: â€Å"the identification, measurement and communication of accounting information for external users (those users other than the managers of the business).† Financial Statements It is importan t for every business to carry out financial statement analysis in order to gain an understanding of their current financial status. There are two main types of financial statements that businesses commonly use when it comes to financial analysis. These are known as the Profit and Loss Account and the Statement of Financial Position. A profit and loss account consists of a list of expenses incurred by the company, against their revenues over a certain period of time. It shows whether the organisationShow MoreRelatedInternational Accounting Standard Board ( Iasb )1454 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Accounting Standard Board (IASB) is a professional body that develops and approves International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). 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Financial Reporting Analysis JB HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings Limited

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Reporting Analysis for JB HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings Limited. Answer: Introduction HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings limited. The successful ways of analysing the financial statement of both the companies is to either perform a horizontal analysis or by vertical analysis of such statements. The analysis of financial statement will help in drawing comparison of both the companies for better understanding when dollar amounts vary in a significant manner. In addition to this, the analysis undertaken will evaluate the performance of both the companies over a period. The report focus on horizontal and vertical analysis approaches which are simpler in computation of amount reported by the company to understand the trend and changes in financial statement. The base year being 2014 and 2015 to subsequently derive the desired result from such analysis and interpreting the results thereon. Findings and Discussion: Horizontal Analysis: The horizontal analysis focuses on trends and changes in the financial statement items over the time as this helps in understanding the relative changes. Such analysis helps in the identification of positive trends or troubled time to draw out the comparative results. Initially the income statement is taken for consideration for JB HiFi where the investment in subsidiaries are accounted for cost after deducting the impairment charges in the separate financial statement (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). The revenue of JB HiFi reflects the company at fair value in consideration of the amount received or receivable measures the change of 4.83% as the revenue. The amounts disclosed by JB HiFi are revenue derived from returns, trade allowance rebates and amounts collected on behalf of the third party. On the other hand, Dick Smith reported a revenue change of 7.50% from FY year of 2014 to 2015 as Dick Smith Holdings have not impaired all the debts, which are due from the past considerations, a nd the company considers the majority of the amount yet to be recoverable. The gross profit reported by the Dick Smith Holdings is greater than that of JB Hifi with 6.12% and 5.59% respectively. Whereas the profit before tax reported by JB Hifi represents 7.04% and 86.11% is largely due to the higher sales revenue as reported by Dick Smith Holdings. JB Wifi reported profit a positive change in profit for the year with an increase of 6.28% whereas the net profit reported by Dick Smith Holdings represents 91.19 with amount of revenue and gross margins. This is due to higher amount of cash and cash equivalents including cash on hand held with financial institution, other short-term liquidity investment with maturity period of less than three months, which are easily convertible to cash (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). It should be noted that JB Wifi 2014 net income of 6.28% for the base year amount even though the operating expenses had increased to 7.55% of the base year amount reported. This is perhaps due to increase in selling price or due to fall in the inventory cost. Vertical Analysis: Vertical analysis is also understood as common size analysis as the amounts represented in the financial statement are converted into key financial component. Vertical or common size analysis allows an in depth composition each of the financial statement and reports any change that have occurred for both JB Hifi and Dick Smith Holdings (Healy and Palepu 2012). The vertical analysis of both the companies are determined with the help of balance sheet to ascertain the various liabilities and equities along with the assets of the company. The total current assets represents the growth of 76.69% for Dick smith holdings with inventories rising subsequently by 57.63%. The non-current assets of Dick smith holdings reflected a growth of 23.31% as the inventories are realised at net realisable value. The includes the cost of purchase of goods along with the cost that are directly attributable during the acquisition of inventory after deducting applicable rate and discount settlement. On the ot her hand, JB Hifi reported an increase in current assets of 68.93% and this is largely because of the higher contribution from inventory of 53.50%. Furthermore, the intangible assets consisting plant and equipment represents an increase of 19.69% of JB Hifi as it is stated at cost after deducting the accumulated depreciation and impairment cost (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 2013). This includes the expenditure, which is directly attributable to the acquisition of the assets. Dick Smith holdings states the fixtures and expenditure at cost after deducting the impairment losses. The company reported an increase in the plant and equipment of 18.20% with gain arising from disposal of portion of plant and equipment as determined and the difference is recognised in the income statement, which represents the carrying amount of the assets. Financial Ratio Analysis: Profitability Ratios: Profitability ratio can be defined as the ratio, which measures the financial metrics to assess the business ability to generate earnings. The profitability ratio of consist of the gross margin ratio and margin ratio (Dolvin, Jordan and Miller 2012). The gross margin ratio of JB Hifi for the financial year 2014 represents 21.70% and for 2015 being 21.86%, whereas, Dick Smith holdings reported a profitability ratio of 25.09% and 24.77% for the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. The net profit ratio on the other hand of JB Hifi is superior to the Dick Smith. JB Hifi reported the net profit ratio of 3.74 however, Dick smith holdings reported 2.87%. This is because the company does not have any collateral over trade receivables with the exceptions of withholding of title over definite number of consumers. The Assets Efficiency Ratios: The assets turnover ratio can be defined as the ratio which measures the ability of the company to generate sales from its assets after comparing net sales with the average of total assets. The asset efficiency ratio reported by JN Hifi was for the year 2014 49.24 however it fell to 44.24 due to impairment loss (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). On the other hand, Dick smith holdings reported the asset turnover of 26.29 for the year ended 2014 however it fell to 24.75 in the following year. The company reports that the intangible assets are not fixed and have detrimental payment which is not quoted by Dick Smith in the active market. Liquidity Ratios: The liquid ratio can be defined as the ratios, which determines the business ability to meet short term liabilities. The current ratio reported by JB Hifi is 1.64 times and 1.62 times for the financial year of 2014 and 2015 respectively. Dick Smith Holdings reported the current asset of 1.26 and 1.23 for 2014 and 2015. It is evident that JB Hifi is superior to Dick Smith is discharge of its short-term obligations (Pratt 2013). The cash ratio of JB Hifi reported for the financial year 2015 was 0.13 whereas Dick Smith reported 0.09 for the year 2015 this represents that cash and cash equivalent include higher cash in hand than Dick Smith with lower outstanding of bank overdraft. Capital Structure Ratios: The capital structure ratio consist of debt equity ratio where JB Hifi reported decline in debt equity ratio prior to the previous year of 2014 (Deegan 2013). In the year 2015 JH Hifi reported debt equity ratio of 0.41 which is lower than previous year of 0.61. Furthermore Dick Smith debt equity ratio accounted for 0.06 and 0.10 for the financial year of 2014 and 2015 respectively. The debt equity ratio of Dick Smith Holdings is superior than the JB Hifi due to the lower long term borrowings and higher equity share capital. Furthermore, Fixed asset to net worth ratio reported by JB Hifi is 0.96 and 0.86 for 2014 and 2015 respectively where as Dick Smith Holdings reported net worth of 0.69 and 0.70 respectively for 2014 and 2015. JB Hifi has higher net worth than Dick Smith holdings due useful estimated lives of plant and equipment and other fixed assets. Market Performance Ratios: The market performance ratios consist of price earnings ratio where JB Hifi reported the price earnings of 19.00 for the year 2015 while Dick Smith holdings reported 14.70. JB HIfi price earnings is higher than the Dick Smith holdings the company grants the weighted average value of options during the financial year of 2015. The fair value of shares are recognised using the black shoe option pricing model which takes into the consideration the price and the term of options depending upon the experience of previous years (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). On the other the dividend yield of JN Hifi represents 4.90% whereas, Dick Smith holdings reports 4.80% perhaps there is not much to differentia the dividend yield of both the companies since the price volatility of the anticipated dividend yield is the risk free interest rate vesting upon the series of options shares. Conclusion and Recommendations: To conclude with, it is understood that the financial reports are prepared by the companies are in accordance with revised accounting standards and the interpretation however does not have any material impact on the amount recognised along with the disclosure presented in the financial statement. Below stated are the recommendations are as follows; Estimations and judgements of Dick Smith financial holdings should be evaluated under the historical cost data for future events which may have an financial impact on the company It is also recommended that intangible assets suffering any impairment should be recovered through cash generating assets. Reference List: Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Chen, R.R., Chidambaran, N.K., Imerman, M.B. and Sopranzetti, B.J., 2014. Liquidity, leverage, and Lehman: A structural analysis of financial institutions in crisis. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, pp.117-139. Deegan, Craig. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia, 2013. Dolvin, S.D., Jordan, B.D. and Miller Jr, T.W., 2012. Fundamentals of investments: valuation and management. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012. Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Horngren, Charles, et al. Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU, 2012. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013. Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Pratt, Jamie. Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education, 2013. Wahlen, J.M., Baginski, S.P. and Bradshaw, M., 2014. Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013. Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, Roman L., Katherine Schipper, and Jennifer Francis. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning, 2013. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015. Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality

Question: Discuss about the Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality. Answer: Medication-related errors are some of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) manages the developments on medication and determent of medication errors. This report would be a short examination of the questions in the area of medicine. Q1: Pharmaceutical companies conduct clinical trials to determine the efficacy (effectiveness) and safety of the medication. Briefly, outline the FOUR (4) phases of clinical trials (8 marks) Clinical trials usually take four stages (Cingi Muluk, 2016). In phase I, practitioners study the maximum dose that a human can handle. It also examines the extent of the toxicity of the drug. Besides, Griffin (2009) says that phase 1 examines the pharmacokinetics of the drug, pharmacodynamics, and its safety. Phase II trials assess the drug's efficacy, its therapeutic dose limit, length of treatment, and the accurate dosage with least side effects. In Muluk (2016), this phase occurs once the drug gets its first-time use. In phase III trials, (Cingi Muluk, 2016) states that practitioners evaluate real results in diverse patients. Phase III correlates new medications with the regular medicines. This correlation intends to test the new drug's long-term safety and tolerability. Phase IV is the last phase of the trials. Phase iv comes after the drug's approval for sale and consumption (Cingi Muluk, 2016). These tests strive to deal with any further accounts of adverse reactions. They also aim to study drug's effect on morbidity of mortality (Cingi Muluk, 2016). Q2: (a) Briefly outline the main responsibility of the Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) (2 marks) The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) administers Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). This Act regulates all therapeutic goods used, produced or imported to Australia. TGA manages this role by monitoring the quality, safety, efficacy and timely availability. b) Describe TWO (2) ways medications are regulated by the TGA for use in Australia (4 marks) There are two main avenues of TGA's medical regulations. One is Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) Scheme. Forrester and Griffiths (2011) states CTN requires the sponsor to the trial proposal to the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). The HREC examines the proposal's trial design, efficacy, safety, and the ethical position the medicines (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). The second one is the Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX) scheme (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). In this one, the sponsor presents the clinical trial proposal to the TGA for evaluation. The main difference is that in CTN, HREC examines the trial proposal and signs the reviewed trial proposal. In CTX, HREC is only responsible for the consideration of the scientific and ethical position of the trial Q3: Briefly define the terms pharmacokinetics (4 marks) AND pharmacodynamics (2 marks) Pharmacokinetics is adopted from two Greek words. These are pharmacon which means drug, and kinesis which means motion (Halter, 2017). Therefore, pharmacokinetics is the examination of the drug absorption, distribution, and elimination from the body (Halter, 2017). In particular, it involves looking at the time that the body takes to metabolize the drug in different body tissues. For instance, Halter (2017) states that toxicokinetics as one principle found in pharmacokinetics. This principle studies the drug clearance process in the body. It looks at the entire process of excretion. On the other hand, pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical, physiological, and molecular consequences of the drug on the body (Halter, 2017). Pharmacodynamics correlate the drug concentration on the site position and the and the degree of the effects created by the drug (Halter, 2017). In short, pharmacodynamics deals actions of the drug on the body while Pharmacodynamics deals with the body's response to the drug. Q4: In relation to oral medications, explain the phenomenon known as the hepatic first pass effect (10 marks) The first-pass effect is a process by which the liver metabolizes the drugs before they pass into the circulation. Robertson (2017) states that after swallowing the drug, the digestive system of the body absorbs it through the alimentary canal. From there, the drug enters the hepatic portal system and where it the portal vein picks it and takes it to the liver before it reaches the other organs of the body (Robertson, 2017). In the liver, the drugs come into contact with the hepatic enzymes. These enzymes one being hepatic enzyme metabolize the drug to the extent of reducing its active amount (Robertson, 2017). After the reduction, the remaining small amount emerges from the liver to the bloodstream. However, this first pass action that happens in the liver significantly decreases the bioavailability of the medicine (Robertson, 2017). One of the medications that suffer first pass effects is nitroglycerin. When a patient takes this drug orally, it undergoes the first pass process which makes it inactive. When administered sublingually, it bypasses the liver and enters the superior vena cava nitroglycerin. Q5: (a) Briefly describe why Glyceryl Trinitrate 600 microgram tablets must only be administered sublingually (3 marks), The work of (Dev, Mundke, Pawar, Mohanty (2016) states that when glyceryl trinitrate is taken sublingual, it is absorbed via the buccal mucosa and enters the bloodstream. However, when taken orally, it suffers the extensive first-pass effect. (b) List TWO(2) specific areas of education you should deliver to the patient that only relate to the medication Glyceryl Trinitrate (2 marks) The two specific areas of education are adverse interactions and tolerance. For Adverse interactions, the patient may experience nasal decongestion (Fox, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate can also cause an increase the blood pressure hence rendering anti-hypertensive drugs ineffective (Fox, 2013). Also, patients may experience low blood pressure while standing, and it causes dizziness or even fainting when used with tricyclic anti-depressants or the general tranquilizers. Notably, cannabis deactivates glyceryl trinitrate. For tolerance and dependence, glyceryl trinitrate may become tolerant on regular consumption (Fox, 2013). Also, other mechanisms of its use like ointments, discs, and patches which offer 24-hour absorption may have tolerance effects (Fox, 2013). Q6 Outline FIVE (5) different roles and/or responsibilities of the: Registered Nurse (5 marks) There are different roles of registered nurses (RNs) One of the roles is the administration of medicines. In this, the nurse must ensure the patients receive correct drugs. Second is supervisory duties. This one happens where there are individuals under self-administration of medicines (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011). Thirdly, conducting patient education. Patient education help in ensuring that consumers have knowledge on the medication regimen. Also, they have role for conducting medication review. In (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011), nurses compare the drugs administered with the patients record to ensure there is rationality on each drug administered. This is more of a co-ordinational or implementational duty. Lastly, nurses undertake researchers as a support for improving practice and health medication. Pharmacist (5 marks), As medical professionals, one of the roles of pharmacists is reviewing prescriptions. In (Carnes, 2017) This means that its their role to review prescriptions either in the care units or in the pharmacy to minimize medication error. The second role is to assist physicians in the selection of the drug product, its dosage form, and its schedules. This role can help in minimizing wrong dose error (Carnes, 2017). Thirdly, clinical pharmacists help in monitoring medication. For example, they can monitor the patients corrective drug levels. A pharmacist also takes a non-medical role like prescribing drugs (Carnes, 2017). Lastly, its their duty to ensure safe storage of drugs and labeling them appropriately. Doctor (5 marks) The duties and responsibilities of doctors are working as the key prescribers on all medications. Their competence is significantly required to reduce medical errors (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Second is obtaining information regarding patients' medical history. This helps the doctor to eliminate chances of prescribing the same previous drugs or extra-dose error. Thirdly, pharmacological management of care. This role involves drugs administration. Also, it's the work of the doctors to initiate therapy process. Still, their competence would reduce wrong dose error by avoiding drugs spelling mistakes (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Finally, doctors also rule on the therapeutic and adverse effects of the drug therapy on the patients' condition and modifying medication plan. Q7: DescribeFIVE(5) different types of medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) A wrong-dose error happens when a patient receives a dose containing the wrong number of dosage units (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015). The error occurs when during the counting of tablets, or during the measuring of liquid medicines. Also, (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015) explains wrong-route errors as an error that happens when the patient receives the drug through an unplanned site. For example, giving the medicine via the left ear instead of the right ear. On wrong-time errors (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015), these usually happen when the set date of drug administration is missed. It can be either giving the dose 60 minutes earlier or before the intended or time of administration. An extra-dose error happens when the patient takes more dose than what the physician ordered (Perry, Potter Ostendorf, 2016). Such error occurs when a patient receives an expired order or the drug or when the patient receives the drug when its still on hold. Q8: (a) Explain the difference between the person-centered approach (5 marks) and the system-approach to human error (5 marks) The person-centered approach looks at failure as a result of unsafe acts and procedural violations of the people at the sharp end (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). These acts or violations are, for example, tiredness, forgetfulness, poor motivation, etc. The approach argues that behind every failure, there must be someone to take the blame. For this, the countermeasures are meant to reduce the undesired human behavior. In contrast. system approach assumes that failure is an unavoidable outcome of human systems (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). That is, people are prone to mistakes. Therefore, countermeasures come in place on the basis that people cannot depart from their conditions, but they can modify their working conditions. So, this approach looks at failure as a system problem instead of people's weakness. b) Defences, barriers, and safeguards are components of James Reasons (1990) Swiss Cheese Model.' Briefly, explain how these factors can prevent a medication error from occurring (4 marks) The Swiss cheese model (SCM) was an explanation of (Reason, 2000) on error prevention. The(SCM) explains that a system can have numerous barriers (slice) for errors. Naturally, these barriers have defects(holes) that may permit errors. Since barriers open and close randomly, this will prevent a mistake from passing through the barriers. However, if barriers open at the same time, an error would reach the patient end. In a practical illustration, Slice 1 can be practitioners training. Slice 2 can be computer pop-ups for confirming medication. Slice 3 can be structured surgical briefings, handoffs, checklists, etc. Slice 4 could be institutional policies requiring a practitioner to read, approve, and commit. c) Holes in the defenses arise because of active failures and latent conditions. In relation to medication errors identify: i. THREE (3) possible Latent conditions (3 marks) Latent conditions are typically hidden failures that set-up holes in the Swiss cheese and they are hard to identify or find (Carroll, 2013). Some of them are poor work policies, unfavorable environmental factors, faulty equipment and protocols etc. ii. THREE (3) possible Active failures (3 marks) Active conditions are those resulting from a professional's appropriate behavior (Carroll, 2013). Examples of them are violating safety policy, not following up on a patient promptly, and missing a diagnosis. Q9: Describe FIVE (5) factors that contribute to medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) There is a clear indication of a relationship between work environment, human activities, medication errors. These factors take two classifications either individual or organizational factors. For instance, one factor that leads to medical error is heavy workloads and staffing (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). Examples of these are a rapid change of situation, shortage of staffs, unfamiliar professionals, etc. Second is team factor (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). Poor communication between the team members can cause a medication error, and effective communication will limit it. For instance, during handovers, poor communication among team members may cause clinicians to miss some information. Another factor is medication packaging, management, storage and delivery (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, similar drug packaging or labeling will increase chances for an error. Next is policy and procedure factors (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, a rule requiring that a second checker to confirm the 'five rights' of the correct dose, time, person, medication can easily be violated. Lastly is inadequate continuity of care (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). This factor comes when patients stop their care before actual discharge. When this happens, patients lack their medication which is one of the errors. Conclusion Patient safety is an essential health care problem due to consequences of medication accidents. For instance, medication mistakes in acute care conditions are frequent and sometimes predictable. Therefore, an approach to identify these failures can be helpful in redesigning the faulty systems and restore trust from consumers. References Dev, A., Mundke, S., Pawar, P., Mohanty, S. (2016). Critical aspects in sublingual route of drug delivery. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 3(1), 42-49. 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Legislation Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). Canberra. Australia