Financial Reporting Analysis JB HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings Limited

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Reporting Analysis for JB HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings Limited. Answer: Introduction HIFI and Dick Smith Holdings limited. The successful ways of analysing the financial statement of both the companies is to either perform a horizontal analysis or by vertical analysis of such statements. The analysis of financial statement will help in drawing comparison of both the companies for better understanding when dollar amounts vary in a significant manner. In addition to this, the analysis undertaken will evaluate the performance of both the companies over a period. The report focus on horizontal and vertical analysis approaches which are simpler in computation of amount reported by the company to understand the trend and changes in financial statement. The base year being 2014 and 2015 to subsequently derive the desired result from such analysis and interpreting the results thereon. Findings and Discussion: Horizontal Analysis: The horizontal analysis focuses on trends and changes in the financial statement items over the time as this helps in understanding the relative changes. Such analysis helps in the identification of positive trends or troubled time to draw out the comparative results. Initially the income statement is taken for consideration for JB HiFi where the investment in subsidiaries are accounted for cost after deducting the impairment charges in the separate financial statement (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). The revenue of JB HiFi reflects the company at fair value in consideration of the amount received or receivable measures the change of 4.83% as the revenue. The amounts disclosed by JB HiFi are revenue derived from returns, trade allowance rebates and amounts collected on behalf of the third party. On the other hand, Dick Smith reported a revenue change of 7.50% from FY year of 2014 to 2015 as Dick Smith Holdings have not impaired all the debts, which are due from the past considerations, a nd the company considers the majority of the amount yet to be recoverable. The gross profit reported by the Dick Smith Holdings is greater than that of JB Hifi with 6.12% and 5.59% respectively. Whereas the profit before tax reported by JB Hifi represents 7.04% and 86.11% is largely due to the higher sales revenue as reported by Dick Smith Holdings. JB Wifi reported profit a positive change in profit for the year with an increase of 6.28% whereas the net profit reported by Dick Smith Holdings represents 91.19 with amount of revenue and gross margins. This is due to higher amount of cash and cash equivalents including cash on hand held with financial institution, other short-term liquidity investment with maturity period of less than three months, which are easily convertible to cash (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). It should be noted that JB Wifi 2014 net income of 6.28% for the base year amount even though the operating expenses had increased to 7.55% of the base year amount reported. This is perhaps due to increase in selling price or due to fall in the inventory cost. Vertical Analysis: Vertical analysis is also understood as common size analysis as the amounts represented in the financial statement are converted into key financial component. Vertical or common size analysis allows an in depth composition each of the financial statement and reports any change that have occurred for both JB Hifi and Dick Smith Holdings (Healy and Palepu 2012). The vertical analysis of both the companies are determined with the help of balance sheet to ascertain the various liabilities and equities along with the assets of the company. The total current assets represents the growth of 76.69% for Dick smith holdings with inventories rising subsequently by 57.63%. The non-current assets of Dick smith holdings reflected a growth of 23.31% as the inventories are realised at net realisable value. The includes the cost of purchase of goods along with the cost that are directly attributable during the acquisition of inventory after deducting applicable rate and discount settlement. On the ot her hand, JB Hifi reported an increase in current assets of 68.93% and this is largely because of the higher contribution from inventory of 53.50%. Furthermore, the intangible assets consisting plant and equipment represents an increase of 19.69% of JB Hifi as it is stated at cost after deducting the accumulated depreciation and impairment cost (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 2013). This includes the expenditure, which is directly attributable to the acquisition of the assets. Dick Smith holdings states the fixtures and expenditure at cost after deducting the impairment losses. The company reported an increase in the plant and equipment of 18.20% with gain arising from disposal of portion of plant and equipment as determined and the difference is recognised in the income statement, which represents the carrying amount of the assets. Financial Ratio Analysis: Profitability Ratios: Profitability ratio can be defined as the ratio, which measures the financial metrics to assess the business ability to generate earnings. The profitability ratio of consist of the gross margin ratio and margin ratio (Dolvin, Jordan and Miller 2012). The gross margin ratio of JB Hifi for the financial year 2014 represents 21.70% and for 2015 being 21.86%, whereas, Dick Smith holdings reported a profitability ratio of 25.09% and 24.77% for the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. The net profit ratio on the other hand of JB Hifi is superior to the Dick Smith. JB Hifi reported the net profit ratio of 3.74 however, Dick smith holdings reported 2.87%. This is because the company does not have any collateral over trade receivables with the exceptions of withholding of title over definite number of consumers. The Assets Efficiency Ratios: The assets turnover ratio can be defined as the ratio which measures the ability of the company to generate sales from its assets after comparing net sales with the average of total assets. The asset efficiency ratio reported by JN Hifi was for the year 2014 49.24 however it fell to 44.24 due to impairment loss (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). On the other hand, Dick smith holdings reported the asset turnover of 26.29 for the year ended 2014 however it fell to 24.75 in the following year. The company reports that the intangible assets are not fixed and have detrimental payment which is not quoted by Dick Smith in the active market. Liquidity Ratios: The liquid ratio can be defined as the ratios, which determines the business ability to meet short term liabilities. The current ratio reported by JB Hifi is 1.64 times and 1.62 times for the financial year of 2014 and 2015 respectively. Dick Smith Holdings reported the current asset of 1.26 and 1.23 for 2014 and 2015. It is evident that JB Hifi is superior to Dick Smith is discharge of its short-term obligations (Pratt 2013). The cash ratio of JB Hifi reported for the financial year 2015 was 0.13 whereas Dick Smith reported 0.09 for the year 2015 this represents that cash and cash equivalent include higher cash in hand than Dick Smith with lower outstanding of bank overdraft. Capital Structure Ratios: The capital structure ratio consist of debt equity ratio where JB Hifi reported decline in debt equity ratio prior to the previous year of 2014 (Deegan 2013). In the year 2015 JH Hifi reported debt equity ratio of 0.41 which is lower than previous year of 0.61. Furthermore Dick Smith debt equity ratio accounted for 0.06 and 0.10 for the financial year of 2014 and 2015 respectively. The debt equity ratio of Dick Smith Holdings is superior than the JB Hifi due to the lower long term borrowings and higher equity share capital. Furthermore, Fixed asset to net worth ratio reported by JB Hifi is 0.96 and 0.86 for 2014 and 2015 respectively where as Dick Smith Holdings reported net worth of 0.69 and 0.70 respectively for 2014 and 2015. JB Hifi has higher net worth than Dick Smith holdings due useful estimated lives of plant and equipment and other fixed assets. Market Performance Ratios: The market performance ratios consist of price earnings ratio where JB Hifi reported the price earnings of 19.00 for the year 2015 while Dick Smith holdings reported 14.70. JB HIfi price earnings is higher than the Dick Smith holdings the company grants the weighted average value of options during the financial year of 2015. The fair value of shares are recognised using the black shoe option pricing model which takes into the consideration the price and the term of options depending upon the experience of previous years (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). On the other the dividend yield of JN Hifi represents 4.90% whereas, Dick Smith holdings reports 4.80% perhaps there is not much to differentia the dividend yield of both the companies since the price volatility of the anticipated dividend yield is the risk free interest rate vesting upon the series of options shares. Conclusion and Recommendations: To conclude with, it is understood that the financial reports are prepared by the companies are in accordance with revised accounting standards and the interpretation however does not have any material impact on the amount recognised along with the disclosure presented in the financial statement. Below stated are the recommendations are as follows; Estimations and judgements of Dick Smith financial holdings should be evaluated under the historical cost data for future events which may have an financial impact on the company It is also recommended that intangible assets suffering any impairment should be recovered through cash generating assets. Reference List: Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Chen, R.R., Chidambaran, N.K., Imerman, M.B. and Sopranzetti, B.J., 2014. Liquidity, leverage, and Lehman: A structural analysis of financial institutions in crisis. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, pp.117-139. Deegan, Craig. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia, 2013. Dolvin, S.D., Jordan, B.D. and Miller Jr, T.W., 2012. Fundamentals of investments: valuation and management. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012. Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Horngren, Charles, et al. Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU, 2012. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013. Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Pratt, Jamie. Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education, 2013. Wahlen, J.M., Baginski, S.P. and Bradshaw, M., 2014. Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013. Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, Roman L., Katherine Schipper, and Jennifer Francis. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning, 2013. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015. Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality

Question: Discuss about the Safe Administration of Medications for Morbidity and Mortality. Answer: Medication-related errors are some of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) manages the developments on medication and determent of medication errors. This report would be a short examination of the questions in the area of medicine. Q1: Pharmaceutical companies conduct clinical trials to determine the efficacy (effectiveness) and safety of the medication. Briefly, outline the FOUR (4) phases of clinical trials (8 marks) Clinical trials usually take four stages (Cingi Muluk, 2016). In phase I, practitioners study the maximum dose that a human can handle. It also examines the extent of the toxicity of the drug. Besides, Griffin (2009) says that phase 1 examines the pharmacokinetics of the drug, pharmacodynamics, and its safety. Phase II trials assess the drug's efficacy, its therapeutic dose limit, length of treatment, and the accurate dosage with least side effects. In Muluk (2016), this phase occurs once the drug gets its first-time use. In phase III trials, (Cingi Muluk, 2016) states that practitioners evaluate real results in diverse patients. Phase III correlates new medications with the regular medicines. This correlation intends to test the new drug's long-term safety and tolerability. Phase IV is the last phase of the trials. Phase iv comes after the drug's approval for sale and consumption (Cingi Muluk, 2016). These tests strive to deal with any further accounts of adverse reactions. They also aim to study drug's effect on morbidity of mortality (Cingi Muluk, 2016). Q2: (a) Briefly outline the main responsibility of the Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) (2 marks) The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) administers Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). This Act regulates all therapeutic goods used, produced or imported to Australia. TGA manages this role by monitoring the quality, safety, efficacy and timely availability. b) Describe TWO (2) ways medications are regulated by the TGA for use in Australia (4 marks) There are two main avenues of TGA's medical regulations. One is Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) Scheme. Forrester and Griffiths (2011) states CTN requires the sponsor to the trial proposal to the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). The HREC examines the proposal's trial design, efficacy, safety, and the ethical position the medicines (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). The second one is the Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX) scheme (Forrester Griffiths, 2011). In this one, the sponsor presents the clinical trial proposal to the TGA for evaluation. The main difference is that in CTN, HREC examines the trial proposal and signs the reviewed trial proposal. In CTX, HREC is only responsible for the consideration of the scientific and ethical position of the trial Q3: Briefly define the terms pharmacokinetics (4 marks) AND pharmacodynamics (2 marks) Pharmacokinetics is adopted from two Greek words. These are pharmacon which means drug, and kinesis which means motion (Halter, 2017). Therefore, pharmacokinetics is the examination of the drug absorption, distribution, and elimination from the body (Halter, 2017). In particular, it involves looking at the time that the body takes to metabolize the drug in different body tissues. For instance, Halter (2017) states that toxicokinetics as one principle found in pharmacokinetics. This principle studies the drug clearance process in the body. It looks at the entire process of excretion. On the other hand, pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical, physiological, and molecular consequences of the drug on the body (Halter, 2017). Pharmacodynamics correlate the drug concentration on the site position and the and the degree of the effects created by the drug (Halter, 2017). In short, pharmacodynamics deals actions of the drug on the body while Pharmacodynamics deals with the body's response to the drug. Q4: In relation to oral medications, explain the phenomenon known as the hepatic first pass effect (10 marks) The first-pass effect is a process by which the liver metabolizes the drugs before they pass into the circulation. Robertson (2017) states that after swallowing the drug, the digestive system of the body absorbs it through the alimentary canal. From there, the drug enters the hepatic portal system and where it the portal vein picks it and takes it to the liver before it reaches the other organs of the body (Robertson, 2017). In the liver, the drugs come into contact with the hepatic enzymes. These enzymes one being hepatic enzyme metabolize the drug to the extent of reducing its active amount (Robertson, 2017). After the reduction, the remaining small amount emerges from the liver to the bloodstream. However, this first pass action that happens in the liver significantly decreases the bioavailability of the medicine (Robertson, 2017). One of the medications that suffer first pass effects is nitroglycerin. When a patient takes this drug orally, it undergoes the first pass process which makes it inactive. When administered sublingually, it bypasses the liver and enters the superior vena cava nitroglycerin. Q5: (a) Briefly describe why Glyceryl Trinitrate 600 microgram tablets must only be administered sublingually (3 marks), The work of (Dev, Mundke, Pawar, Mohanty (2016) states that when glyceryl trinitrate is taken sublingual, it is absorbed via the buccal mucosa and enters the bloodstream. However, when taken orally, it suffers the extensive first-pass effect. (b) List TWO(2) specific areas of education you should deliver to the patient that only relate to the medication Glyceryl Trinitrate (2 marks) The two specific areas of education are adverse interactions and tolerance. For Adverse interactions, the patient may experience nasal decongestion (Fox, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate can also cause an increase the blood pressure hence rendering anti-hypertensive drugs ineffective (Fox, 2013). Also, patients may experience low blood pressure while standing, and it causes dizziness or even fainting when used with tricyclic anti-depressants or the general tranquilizers. Notably, cannabis deactivates glyceryl trinitrate. For tolerance and dependence, glyceryl trinitrate may become tolerant on regular consumption (Fox, 2013). Also, other mechanisms of its use like ointments, discs, and patches which offer 24-hour absorption may have tolerance effects (Fox, 2013). Q6 Outline FIVE (5) different roles and/or responsibilities of the: Registered Nurse (5 marks) There are different roles of registered nurses (RNs) One of the roles is the administration of medicines. In this, the nurse must ensure the patients receive correct drugs. Second is supervisory duties. This one happens where there are individuals under self-administration of medicines (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011). Thirdly, conducting patient education. Patient education help in ensuring that consumers have knowledge on the medication regimen. Also, they have role for conducting medication review. In (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench Davies, 2011), nurses compare the drugs administered with the patients record to ensure there is rationality on each drug administered. This is more of a co-ordinational or implementational duty. Lastly, nurses undertake researchers as a support for improving practice and health medication. Pharmacist (5 marks), As medical professionals, one of the roles of pharmacists is reviewing prescriptions. In (Carnes, 2017) This means that its their role to review prescriptions either in the care units or in the pharmacy to minimize medication error. The second role is to assist physicians in the selection of the drug product, its dosage form, and its schedules. This role can help in minimizing wrong dose error (Carnes, 2017). Thirdly, clinical pharmacists help in monitoring medication. For example, they can monitor the patients corrective drug levels. A pharmacist also takes a non-medical role like prescribing drugs (Carnes, 2017). Lastly, its their duty to ensure safe storage of drugs and labeling them appropriately. Doctor (5 marks) The duties and responsibilities of doctors are working as the key prescribers on all medications. Their competence is significantly required to reduce medical errors (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Second is obtaining information regarding patients' medical history. This helps the doctor to eliminate chances of prescribing the same previous drugs or extra-dose error. Thirdly, pharmacological management of care. This role involves drugs administration. Also, it's the work of the doctors to initiate therapy process. Still, their competence would reduce wrong dose error by avoiding drugs spelling mistakes (Scott-Brown Van der Kogel, 2008). Finally, doctors also rule on the therapeutic and adverse effects of the drug therapy on the patients' condition and modifying medication plan. Q7: DescribeFIVE(5) different types of medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) A wrong-dose error happens when a patient receives a dose containing the wrong number of dosage units (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015). The error occurs when during the counting of tablets, or during the measuring of liquid medicines. Also, (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015) explains wrong-route errors as an error that happens when the patient receives the drug through an unplanned site. For example, giving the medicine via the left ear instead of the right ear. On wrong-time errors (Feleke, Mulatu Yesmaw, 2015), these usually happen when the set date of drug administration is missed. It can be either giving the dose 60 minutes earlier or before the intended or time of administration. An extra-dose error happens when the patient takes more dose than what the physician ordered (Perry, Potter Ostendorf, 2016). Such error occurs when a patient receives an expired order or the drug or when the patient receives the drug when its still on hold. Q8: (a) Explain the difference between the person-centered approach (5 marks) and the system-approach to human error (5 marks) The person-centered approach looks at failure as a result of unsafe acts and procedural violations of the people at the sharp end (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). These acts or violations are, for example, tiredness, forgetfulness, poor motivation, etc. The approach argues that behind every failure, there must be someone to take the blame. For this, the countermeasures are meant to reduce the undesired human behavior. In contrast. system approach assumes that failure is an unavoidable outcome of human systems (Willson, Ison Tabakov, 2013). That is, people are prone to mistakes. Therefore, countermeasures come in place on the basis that people cannot depart from their conditions, but they can modify their working conditions. So, this approach looks at failure as a system problem instead of people's weakness. b) Defences, barriers, and safeguards are components of James Reasons (1990) Swiss Cheese Model.' Briefly, explain how these factors can prevent a medication error from occurring (4 marks) The Swiss cheese model (SCM) was an explanation of (Reason, 2000) on error prevention. The(SCM) explains that a system can have numerous barriers (slice) for errors. Naturally, these barriers have defects(holes) that may permit errors. Since barriers open and close randomly, this will prevent a mistake from passing through the barriers. However, if barriers open at the same time, an error would reach the patient end. In a practical illustration, Slice 1 can be practitioners training. Slice 2 can be computer pop-ups for confirming medication. Slice 3 can be structured surgical briefings, handoffs, checklists, etc. Slice 4 could be institutional policies requiring a practitioner to read, approve, and commit. c) Holes in the defenses arise because of active failures and latent conditions. In relation to medication errors identify: i. THREE (3) possible Latent conditions (3 marks) Latent conditions are typically hidden failures that set-up holes in the Swiss cheese and they are hard to identify or find (Carroll, 2013). Some of them are poor work policies, unfavorable environmental factors, faulty equipment and protocols etc. ii. THREE (3) possible Active failures (3 marks) Active conditions are those resulting from a professional's appropriate behavior (Carroll, 2013). Examples of them are violating safety policy, not following up on a patient promptly, and missing a diagnosis. Q9: Describe FIVE (5) factors that contribute to medication error AND a possible cause for each (10 marks) There is a clear indication of a relationship between work environment, human activities, medication errors. These factors take two classifications either individual or organizational factors. For instance, one factor that leads to medical error is heavy workloads and staffing (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). Examples of these are a rapid change of situation, shortage of staffs, unfamiliar professionals, etc. Second is team factor (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). Poor communication between the team members can cause a medication error, and effective communication will limit it. For instance, during handovers, poor communication among team members may cause clinicians to miss some information. Another factor is medication packaging, management, storage and delivery (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, similar drug packaging or labeling will increase chances for an error. Next is policy and procedure factors (Gluyas Morrison, 2013). For example, a rule requiring that a second checker to confirm the 'five rights' of the correct dose, time, person, medication can easily be violated. Lastly is inadequate continuity of care (Koch, Gloth Nay, 2010). This factor comes when patients stop their care before actual discharge. When this happens, patients lack their medication which is one of the errors. Conclusion Patient safety is an essential health care problem due to consequences of medication accidents. For instance, medication mistakes in acute care conditions are frequent and sometimes predictable. Therefore, an approach to identify these failures can be helpful in redesigning the faulty systems and restore trust from consumers. References Dev, A., Mundke, S., Pawar, P., Mohanty, S. (2016). Critical aspects in sublingual route of drug delivery. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 3(1), 42-49. Retrieved from https://www.onlinepbe.com/index.php/PBE/article/view/70 Feleke, S. A., Mulatu, M. A., Yesmaw, Y. S. (2015). Medication administration error: Magnitude and associated factors among nurses in Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 14, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-015-0099-1 Carnes, R. (2017). The Wall Street Journal Guidebook On Pharmacy (1st ed.). Lulu Press, Inc. Cingi, C., Muluk, N. (2016). The Phases of Clinical Studies. Quick Guide To Good Clinical Practice, 105-114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44344-7_12 Forrester, K., Griffiths, D. (2011). Essentials of law for medical practitioners (1st ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier. Carroll, R. (2013). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations, 3 Volume Set (6th ed.). John Wiley Sons. Fox, K. (2013). Ischaemic heart disease (2nd ed.). Springer. Griffin, J. (2009). The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Halter, M. (2017). Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing - E-Book (8th ed., p. 48). Elsevier Health Sciences. Hamlin, L., Richardson-Tench, M., Davies, M. (2011). Perioperative Nursing. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Perry, A., Potter, P., Ostendorf, W. (2016). Nursing interventions clinical skills. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. Robertson, D. (2017). First pass metabolism. Nurse Prescribing, 15(6), 303-305. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2017.15.6.303 Scott-Brown, M., Van der Kogel, A. (2008). Basic Clinical Radiobiology (5th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. Willson, K., Ison, K., Tabakov, S. (2013). Medical equipment management (1st ed.). CRC Press. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management. BMJ?: British Medical Journal, 320(7237), 768770. Gluyas, H., Morrison, P. (2013). Patient Safety: An Essential Guide (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. Koch, S., Gloth, F., Nay, R. (2010). Medication Management in Older Adults. New York, NY: Springer New York. Legislation Therapeutic Goods Act (1989). Canberra. Australia

Hamlet Patience or Procrastination free essay sample

If you have one, then others assume you are doing the other. Is this always true though? It seems in our society people are always in a hurry and need to get things done quickly that patience has lost its virtue and those people have forgotten what it means. In Shakespeare’s drama â€Å"Hamlet† this argument has arisen more times than we could count, but when it comes to Hamlet and his actions they are mostly of patience and intellect. We learn quickly that Hamlet is a scholar and of fairly high intelligence. This is one reason why we see that he has the patience to wait for things to become in favorable states for him. In the start of the play we learn that Hamlet contemplates suicide (1. ii) because of the despair he feels. But after some contemplation he realizes that it will not help him in anyway. He also shows his greatest reflections on how he will enact revenge against his uncle/step-father who now has become the king of Denmark. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet Patience or Procrastination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To kill a king one cannot be caught or they have basically killed themselves. His patience saves him from damning himself and acting rashly. Near the end of act 1 in scene 2, we see some quick decisions made by Hamlet to see the spirit of his father that his friends speak about. â€Å"I will watch tonight;†(1. ii) here he decides that he will go see it without second thought. He also decides that if it is his father then he will speak to it, even if the spirit could be evil: â€Å"If it assume my noble fathers person, Ill speak to it, though hell itself should gape and bid me hold my peace. †(1. ii) Both of these decisions are the opposite of a procrastinator. When he actually sees his father’s ghost he is quick to follow the ghost’s command to follow it away from the others. (1. iv) It is upon this private meeting that Hamlet Senior’s ghost tells young Hamlet about his horrible murder. Loving his father very dearly Hamlet agrees to revenge his father. â€Å"Haste me to know’t that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge. †(1. V) This is where most people come to say that he becomes a procrastinator after his vow â€Å"So, uncle, there you are. Now to my word; It is Adieu, adieu! Remember me. I have sworn’t. † However after this promise Hamlet has very little time or chances to kill his uncle Claudius. It is shortly after Hamlet’s vow that Claudius unknown of his step-son’s suspicions decides to send him to England to help cure him. Before he is sent away, Hamlet plots a way to be sure of Claudius’s guilt. Since after all ghosts can be a trick of the devil, Hamlet wants to make sure he is not killing an innocent soul and damning his own in the process. Hamlet who is known to be quite fond throws a play that replays the events of his father’s murder. Shortly into the drama King Claudius interrupts the show in full anger confirming Hamlet’s suspicions. (3. ii) This patience to confirm them leads to the controversy of why Hamlet did not call out his uncle. But the king is not going to get the proper legal trial one should have for murder, so Hamlet has to revenge his father in a rather unlawful way. As one can imagine killing a king would take time and would have to be done in a matter with no witnesses, and finding royalty alone would be very difficult. After the staged play the extremely insulted king Claudius resorts to sending young Hamlet away. I like him not, nor stands it safe with us†¦ And he to England† (3. iii). Prior to departure for England, Claudius places Hamlet under constant guard. The time from this conversation with Hamlet’s escorts until the finale, Hamlet receives one chance to kill him. However he finds himself unable to commit it because Claudius is connecting to god in prayer. â€Å" Now might I do it pat, now he is praying; and now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven; and so am I revenged. That would be scannd:†(3. iii) To kill him while he is talking to god and cleansing his soul would risk the chance of his soul to be saved. A murderer’s soul saved while his victim is stuck in purgatory is hardly at all justice. After passing the confession chance, Hamlet is sent to away although it is not long until his return. Upon returning to Denmark, Hamlet quickly ruins his hidden approach when he stumbles upon his girlfriend Ophelia’s funeral. At the funeral Hamlet makes a scene in front of everyone including his target, King Claudius. After realizing his step-son’s arrival back, Claudius puts Hamlet under surveillance while he concocts a plan for Hamlet’s death. It is not until this plan of attack that Hamlet finally gets to enact the revenge he has been seeking. To say that Hamlet procrastinated in killing Claudius was his downfall is ludicrous and inconceivable. Hamlet was a patient creature and took the time to ensure his every move. His greatest example of this decision is his famous soliloquy â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer, the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them? † (3. ) Here he acknowledges that his decision on how to approach the tasks will bring two different endings. The assassination and get away of any target is something that takes time to plan and figure out. If one evaluates the time and reassurance that young Hamlet needed to complete this task, they would gather that there was hardly any time to procrastinate. Especially when one considers that killing a king is a highly risky exercise an d would require good opportunity to avoid interception. Looking through the time and observations he faced, Hamlet was by no means a procrastinator.

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality Annotated bibliography Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research implemented by Mercer et al. (2009) aimed at defining whether mood stabilizers, antidepressants and antipsychotics are effective for treating anger and depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. The present study was based on the surveys which present validated data. Mercer et al. (2009) reported that mood stabilizers (except divalproic acid and carbamazepine) had quite considerable impact on anger reduction. Antidepressants had smaller, quite sparing, effe ct on both anger and depression reduction whereas antipsychotics had a moderate impact on anger reduction, and did not affected depression. However, Mercer et al (2009) pointed out that their survey did not cover the data of the impact of such substances on patients with alcohol or substance abuse and self-harm behavior. Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Aharonovich et al. (2001) researched whether specific type of drugs caused specific disorders in patients with these substances abuse. The researches assumed that due to their different pharmacological properties such drugs as opiates, cocaine, cannabis can produce different effects on abusers’ behavior. The changes in behavior of sixty participants (50 men and 10 women) were studied. Aharonovich et al. (2001) found that the patients’ behavior can be characterized by increased anger and depression. However, the researchers did not reported about the correlation between the type of drugs and precise change in behavior. Though, the survey scored some elevated depression in opiate abusers and elevated anger in cocaine addicts, these data are insignificant to define the correlation between drugs and behavior deviation. Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox et al. (2008) surveyed whether there were changes in stress response and craving in patients with substance abuse and patients with alcohol abuse. The behavior of forty people of the former group and forty people of the latter were examined. The participants’ respond to the imaginary stressful and more relaxing situations was observed. The researchers reported that drug abusers are more vulnerable to stress and craving than alcohol abusers. The alcohol addicts revealed considerably moderate response to stress. Thus, the survey suggested that drug addicts’ recovery could be hindered by their increased sensitivity to stress and craving. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754. Mulvey et al. (2006) researched the correlation between the substance (alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, etc.) abuse and violence in patience. The researchers concluded that the use of such substances leads to the increased likelihood of violence. The survey justified that the patients with mental disorders (at a high risk of violent behavior) who took substances like alcohol or drugs revealed increased amount of violent in the following days. The researchers also consider the implications of the use of such substances. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psychopharmacology, 171(3), 331-339. Bond et al (2004) surveyed the correlation between substance abuse (and abuse for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in particular) and aggressive behavior. The participants of the research were addicts who took the drugs recently, abusers who did not take drugs for a year, and non-abusers. The participants had to process biased short stories with a key sentence revealing aggression or anger. The researchers concluded that people who took drugs were faster to process aggression biased passages which revealed that they were characterized by an gry cognitive bias. Besides, the researchers did not obtain the evidence of particular impact of MDMA. Thus, the Bond et al. (2004) concluded that drug abusers reveal the presence of angry cognitive biased. Relationship between substance abuse and personality The latest findings on the problem The implication of substance abuse is being extensively surveyed nowadays. Researchers report about the changes of behavior and even personality in substance abusers. Such addicts are characterized by more aggressive behavior and more sensitivity to depression and stress.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various surveys suggest that drug addicts start playing more active role in the social life, they become distant and even indifferent to the world around them. The main concern of such people is their craving to drugs or alcoh ol. It is necessary to point out that drug abusers are more stressful and aggressive than alcohol addicts. Moreover, drug abusers’ recovery is much more hampered by such behavior changes as aggression, depression, anger and hyper-sensitivity to stress. Difference substances cause the same effect It is necessary to add that there can be no such notion as safer drugs or less harmful alcohol abuse. Different pharmacological peculiarities of such substances as cocaine, amphetamine, marijuana, etc. lead to the same consequences: the change of personality. Of course, apart from psychological deviations any drug abuse can lead to numerous health problems. Any substance abuse affects such important systems as endocrine vascular. The risk group adolescent drug abusers It is essential to point out that substance abuse in adolescents is even more dangerous since the organism is still growing and is more subjected to various factors. There can be no surprise that adolescent drug abusers are more subjected to the changes in behavior. Aggression, violence or depression can affect greatly the development of personality. Thus, the use of drugs is unacceptable for people of all ages, but especially for adolescents. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to note that drug abuse causes severe changes in behavior (or even change of personality), and various serious health problems, irrespective of drugs pharmacological peculiarities. It is also necessary to point out that the drug abuse in young people leads to more serious mental and other health problems. Reference Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psychopharm acology, 171(3), 331-339.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805. Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S.. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754.

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence Essay

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence of modern Europe - Essay Example With the introduction of Gun powder, traditional protocols of one-on-one combats were confined to the past. This made the whole enterprise of war more mechanical than ever before. The demise of Constantinople and the simultaneous rise of the Ottoman Empire are also significant from a theological point of view. For the first time in European history, a Christian kingdom was overwhelmed by an Islamic one. The relevance of this event to the modern day Europe is quite obvious, as most scholars acknowledge â€Å"the clash of civilizations† today – a famous thesis of Professor Samuel Huntington. Hence, it is not an exaggeration to state that the reverberations of this clash of two radically different cultures are still felt in modern Europe. By 1453, the Byzantine kingdom was reduced to a small and weak entity that extended little beyond the city of Constantinople. But, in spite of their modest stature, the Byzantines antagonized most of their neighbours. To their disadvantage, â€Å"the Roman and Orthodox churches had mutually excommunicated one another in 1054, and although there had been a formal Bull of Union in 1439 there was still enmity between the two wings of the church. Constantines efforts to paint the plight of Constantinople as the plight of Christendom all but failed†1. As mentioned before, after 1453 Islam had entered the erstwhile Christianity dominated European kingdoms. If modern day Europe is seen as a culturally diverse continent, then the conditions for this outcome were set in the centuries following 1453 when the Ottoman Empire attained its peak. The flourishing of the Ottoman Empire was not just confined to military success. This period also saw the rise of Islamic art and architecture that would have a major influence in modern European art and architecture as well. Another legacy of the reign of the Sultans can be seen in the social and infrastructural organization of certain modern European cities. The

German and European Banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

German and European Banks - Essay Example This survey was conducted by the Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation, Johannesburg, and Pricewaterhouse Coopers. The survey identified liquidity, credit risk and credit spreads as the top three factors that pose a risk to banks. The report highlights the fact that the global financial situation has changed the importance of various risks; liquidity is now the highest risk to threaten banks. The shortage of liquidity has the power to impact the credit and derivative markets and this fear can lead to further worsening of the recessionary situation. Of the three top risks, liquidity and credit spreads had never before been considered as a risk; this is a clear indication of the changing risk scenario. The survey listing also has 'regulatory over-reaction' as the only non-financial risk in its top ten factors. This again is a clear indication that the market fears actions by politicians and regulators who will try to rectify the issue. The survey had varied opinions depending on the class of the respondent. While the bankers saw sharp variations in the credit, derivative and equity market as the most important risks, the non-banking people saw poor risk management and a liberal system of bonuses as the chief risks. The global economic crunch has affected not only the US but also Europe. Not only are the East European banks going to be affected but also the West European banks having loaned out to these banks, will be equally affected. A survey done by credit rating agency Moody's Investors Services states that Hungary and Latvia has already appealed to the IMF for a bailout; Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania and Romania may soon be going the same way. Some of the Western European banks were affected; UniCredit of Italy fell 7.3 percent and Societe Generale of France fell by 9.5 percent. The German Banking scenario is dominated by savings banks, cooperative banks and landesbanks, all of which are less-profit oriented than commercial banks. The market is fragmented and there is lot of competition. September 2008, saw two big mergers in the German banking sector. Commerzbank took over Dresdner Bank and Deutsche Bank took over Postbank. This was a direct reaction to other European banks entering German terrain. Banco Santander of Spain, UniCredit of Italy and 'ING of Netherland were the new entrants in the German market. UniCredit purchased Hypo Vereinsbank while Credit Mutuel of France took over Citigroup's German subsidiary. The German banks realised that size matters and the only way they could keep off European banks were through merger. The current economic crisis has led to banks writing down approximately 400 billion dollars in bad loans. Market liquidity and funding liquidity are two factors that interplay to create the funding environment. Market liquidity is said to be low when it becomes difficult to sell an asset that is when it is difficult to raise money by selling an asset. Funding liquidity is said to be high, when money to buy an asset can be easily borrowed. According to Brunnermeier and Pedersen (2008), more funding can be garnered (funding liquidity) if more assets

The situation of African Americans Essay Example for Free

The situation of African Americans Essay Throughout Americas history, African-Americans have suffered from racism, segregation, and persecution. Considering they were brought over on slave ships extremely filled not knowing weather they would live or die and forced to do labor, they have come a long way. To be where they are currently is obviously a major milestone. Today, African-Americans are more prosperous and motivated than ever. There is less poverty, more education, and better family lives among blacks than ever before! Slaves had everything important to them viciously taken. Stripped from their families, their homes, and their peaceful lives, they were placed in a world where they were powerless in society. As horrific as these memories are, they cant be overlooked. The thoughts and images that go hand and hand with these atrocious events must be used as the will, the want, and the motivation for success. After all, understanding the past is the key to unlocking the future! Education is a crucial factor in success. Today, 79 percent of African-Americans age 25 and over have at least completed high school, a record high. This is more than double the percent in 1970. Also, 86 percent of those ages 25 to 29 have earned a high school diploma, which is triple the percent thirty years prior. Seventeen percent of blacks 25 and above have even obtained a bachelors degree. Statistics are higher than theyve been in the past. No matter how disturbing the past is a person never knows what the future holds. Therefore, one must hold on to the past because it is the key to motivation. Motivation has led to success. The poverty rate among African-Americans, 23.6 percent, is the lowest ever recorded. $27,910 is the average income for an African-American household. And 700,000 fewer blacks were poor in 1999 than in 1998. In the past, an outcome such as this would have never been possible in the dominated world everyone knew. When a person looks back and sees how far theyve come, it is most definitely something to be proud of. Proud and prosperous, African-Americans are not only succeeding. They are getting together and staying together. Out of the 8.7 million African-American families, just under half were married. And these families are larger than any other ethnic group. Twenty-one percent of the families have at least five or more members. Only ten percent of males and ten percent of females have been divorced. Although their ancestors were ripped from their homes and torn apart from their family, today is a brave new world. As suppressed as the people were, all of the struggles and the hardships are ultimately what gave them the will and the desire to overcome the devastation. It has been long, hard road, but their past has led to prosperity. Unwilling to lose the never-ending battle, the fight continues constantly, unlocking doors to a successful future.